Back to
search
Under Ground Utility
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Argyll
Environmental Tracing Systems
Ltd
Address: Morar House,
Upper Colquhoun Street, Helensburgh, G84 9AJ
Tel: 01436 678339 Fax:
01436 677605
E-mail: enquiries@environmentaltracing.com
web site: www.environmentaltracing.com
Contact: Peter Wilson
Number of teams: 5
Speciality: Bathymetry,
Sediment Transport Surveys, Sidescan Sonar Surveys, Oceanographic Surveys, Dye
Tracing, Drogue Tracking, Benthic Surveys, Wastewater Tracing and Optimisation,
Underground Asset Tracing, Time of Travel, Groundwater Tracing, Reservoir
Tracing, filtration Studies.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Buckinghamshire
KND Surveys Limited
Address: 74 Watchet Lane,
Holmer Green, High Wycombe HP15 6UG
Tel: 01494 718453 Fax:
01494 717576
E-mail: enquiry@kndsurveys.com
Web site:
www.kndsurveys.com
Contact: Nigel Davies
Number of Teams: 5
Speciality: Land, architectural
and building surveys, GIA/NIA, Setting out, Deformation surveys, Under ground
service location, Drainage investigation.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Buckinghamshire
RG Surveys
Address: 24 Edison Road,
Rabans Lane, Aylesbury, Bucks HP19 8TE
Tel: 01296 397466 Fax:
01296 397467 Mobile: 07780 675154
E-mail: mail@rgsurveys.co.uk
Web site: www.rgsurveys.co.uk
Contact: Scot Gear
Number of Teams: 3
Speciality: Topographical
Surveys, Measured Building Surveys, Setting Out, Boundary Surveys, Volumetric
Surveys, Digital Terrain Modelling, Utilities Surveys, Nationwide
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Buckinghamshire
Milton Keynes Surveys Limited
Address: Datum House,
41 Burners Lane South, Kiln Farm, Milton Keynes MK11 3HA
Tel: 01908 565561
Fax: 01908 261030
E-mail Address:
stuart@mksurveys.co.uk Web site:
www.mksurveys.co.uk
Contact: Stuart Dimond
Affiliations: TSA
Quality Assurance:
ISO9001:2000
Number of
Teams: 20
Services:
Topographical Surveys, Measured Building Surveys, 3D Laser scan and Underground
Service Location Surveys. Covering the 'UK and Europe.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Edinburgh
Loy Surveys Limited
Address: 8 Albany Street,
Edinburgh, EH1 3QB
Tel: Freephone: 0800
833312 Freefax: 0800 838214
E-mail: survey@loy.co.uk
Web site:
www.loy.co.uk
Contact: Alasdair Bain
Affiliations: RICS. TSA.
Constructionline, Link Up
Quality Assurance:
ISO9000
Number of Teams: 14
Speciality: Topographic and
measured building surveys, Boundary demarcation, Photogrammetry, GPS, GIS,
Hydrographic and Underground surveys. Loy Surveys
are reliable, experienced Chartered Surveyors able to work to a deadline. If you
need land or building surveyed
urgently anywhere, any size project - we can help.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Gwynedd
Malcolm Hughes Land Surveyors
Ltd
Address: 26 Albert Drive,
Deganwy, Gwynedd, North Wales LL31 9SP
Tel: 01492 585005
E-mail: survey@mhls.co.uk
Web site: www.malcolmhughes.co.uk
Contact: Malcolm Hughes
Affiliations: The Survey
Association
Quality Assurance:
BS/EN/ISO9001
Number of teams: 16
Speciality: Topographical
Surveys, Railway Surveys (Link Up registered) GPS Surveys, Measured Building
Surveys, Engineering Surveys, Inshore Hydrographic Surveys, Underground Utility
Surveys.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hampshire
Metrix Surveys
Ltd
Address: 7 West End,
Sherborne St John, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 9LB
Tel: 01256 851672
Fax: 01256 889094 Mobile: 07734 233459
E-mail:
postbox@metrixsurveys.com Web site:
www.metrixsurveys.com
Contact: Patrick Bourke
Number of teams: 3
Services: Topographical
Surveys, Measured Building Surveys, Setting Out, Inshore Hydrographic Surveys,
Utility Surveys, Net-gross Internal Area Surveys, Lease Plans.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hampshire
Ian Humby
Surveys Limited
Address:
Passfield Business Centre, Lynchborough Road,
Liphook, Hants, GU30
7SB
Tel:
01428 751861 (two lines) Fax:
01428 751861 Mobile: 07774 406810
E-mail: mail@ianhumbysurveys.co.uk
Web site:
mail@ianhumbysurveys.co.uk
www.ianhumbysurveys.co.uk
Contact:
Eva Doggrell
Affiliations:
RICS, TSA, Inst.CES
Number of Teams: 2
Speciality:
Topographical
Surveys, Measured Building Surveys, Elevations and Sections, Underground
Services Surveys.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Hertfordshire
Glanville Consultants Limited
Address: Catherine House,
Boundary Way, Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 7RP
Tel: 01235 833002 Fax:
01235 835492 Mobile: 07977 980342
E-mail: cedge@glanvillegroup.com
Web site: www.glanvillegroup.com
Contact: Chris Edge
Affiliations: RICS, ICES,
TSA
Number of teams: 8
Speciality: Topographical
and Measured Building Surveys, Engineering Surveys, GPS, Utilities Tracing, GIS,
Setting out, Monitoring, Boundary Disputes, Laser Scanning.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kent
Glen Surveys Ltd
Hatherley House, 13 Hatherley Road, Sidcup, Kent DA14 4DS
Contact: Frank Jackson
Tel: 020 8309 5757 Fax:
020 8309 6362 Mobile: 07932 657174
e-mail: frankwj@glensurveys.co.uk
Web site: www.glensurveys.co.uk
Type of Business:
Limited Company
Affiliations: RICS
ICES
Quality Assurance: Modelled on ISO 9001
Speciality: Topography, Measured Building,
Setting out, Monitoring, Boundary disputes, Expert witness, Grounds
Maintenance/GIS, Dimensional control, Aerial surveys, Underground services
location, Area and Volumetric surveys, Survey advisor.
Number of teams: 10
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Lancashire
Paragon Survey Associates
Address: 292 Wood Lane,
Heskin, Chorley, Lancashire WN5 9HG
Tel: 01257 453200 Fax:
01257 453211 Mobile: 07764 654388
E-mail: paragonsurvey@aol.com
Web site: www.paragonsurvey.co.uk
Contact: Steven Ashcroft
MRICS, MInstCES
Number of teams: 2
Speciality: Measured
building surveys, Floor plans, cross sections, elevations. Topographical surveys
- large and small scale. Engineering surveying - as built, setting out,
dimensional control. Railway surveys. Control networks. Proof surveys. In-shore
hydrographic surveys. Volumetric analysis. Underground service tracing, sewer,
culvert and manhole tracing. Deformation monitoring. Tunnelling. Boundary
demarcation. Large scale metrology. CAD Bureau.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
London
Field Surveyors Limited
Address:
10 Woolwich Road, Greenwich London SE10 0JU
Tel:
020 8853 1335 Fax: 020 8858 8090 Mobile: 079 0579 4885
E-mail:
email@fieldsurveyors.co.uk
Contact:
Frank Fielding (BSurv)
Number
of Teams: 5
Speciality:
Boundary Demarcation, Deformation and Control, GPS, Hydrographic Surveys, Railways,
Setting out, Topographic and Utilities.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Manchester
Loy Surveys Limited
Address: 134 Atlas Business
Centre, 1 Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP
Tel: Freephone: 0800
833312 Freefax: 0800 838214
E-mail: survey@loy.co.uk
Web site:
www.loy.co.uk
Contact: Alasdair Bain
Affiliations: RICS. TSA.
Constructionline, Link Up
Quality Assurance:
ISO9000
Number of Teams: 14
Speciality: Topographic and
measured building surveys, Boundary demarcation, Photogrammetry, GPS, GIS,
Hydrographic and Underground surveys. Loy Surveys
are reliable, experienced Chartered Surveyors able to work to a deadline. If you
need land or building surveyed
urgently anywhere, any size project - we can help.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Manchester
Malcolm Hughes Land Surveyors
Ltd
Address: 65 Cross Street,
Sale, Manchester M33 7HF
Tel: 0161 905 1265 Fax:
0161 962 9243
E-mail: survey@mhls.co.uk
Web site: www.malcolmhughes.co.uk
Contact: John Furniss
Affiliations: The Survey
Association
Quality Assurance:
BS/EN/ISO9001
Number of teams: 16
Speciality: Topographical
Survey, Railway Survey (Link Up registered), GPS Surveys, Measured Building
Surveys,
Engineering Surveys, Inshore
Hydrographic Surveys, Underground Utility Location.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Northern Ireland
Hannaway & Hannaway
Address: 1 The Glen,
Dublin Road, Newry, Co Down BT35 8BS
Tel: 028 302 67197
Fax: 028 302 67197
E-mail: info@landsurvey.co.uk
Web site: www.landsurvey.co.uk
Contact: Elaine Hannaway
MIS
Affiliations: RICS,
CIOB, IIS
Number of teams: 1 - 2
Speciality: Land
survey, Topographic surveys, Computer mapping, As-built surveys,
Architectural measured surveys, underground pipeline location, GIS data
management, 3D Modelling
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Northumberland
Malcolm Hughes Land Surveyors
Ltd
Address: The Nook, West
Thirston, Morpeth Northumberland NE65 9QB
Tel: 01670 787474 Fax:
01670 787847
E-mail: survey@mhls.co.uk
Web site: www.malcolmhughes.co.uk
Contact: John Furniss
Affiliations: The Survey
Association
Quality Assurance:
BS/EN/ISO9001
Number of Teams: 16
Speciality: Topographical
Surveys, Railway Surveys (Link Up registered) GPS Surveys, Measured Building
Surveys, Engineering Surveys, Inshore Hydrographic Surveys, Underground Utility
Surveys.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Oxfordshire
Glanville Consultants Limited
Address: Corinthian Court,
80 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RY
Tel: 01235 833002 Fax:
01235 835492 Mobile: 07977 980342
E-mail: cedge@glanvillegroup.com
Web site: www.glanvillegroup.com
Contact: Chris Edge
Affiliations: RICS, ICES,
TSA
Number of teams: 8
Speciality: Topographical
and Measured Building Surveys, Engineering Surveys, GPS, Utilities Tracing, GIS,
Setting out, Monitoring, Boundary Disputes, Laser Scanning.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Renfrewshire
Loy Surveys Limited
Address: 1 Paisley Road,
Renfrew PA4 8JH
Tel: Freephone: 0800
833312 Freefax: 0800 838214
E-mail: survey@loy.co.uk
Web site:
www.loy.co.uk
Contact: Alasdair Bain
Affiliations: RICS. TSA.
Constructionline, Link Up
Quality Assurance:
ISO9000
Number of Teams: 14
Speciality: Topographic and
measured building surveys, Boundary demarcation, Photogrammetry, GPS, GIS,
Hydrographic and Underground surveys. Loy Surveys
are reliable, experienced Chartered Surveyors able to work to a deadline. If you
need land or building surveyed
urgently anywhere, any size project - we can help.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Shropshire
LandScope Engineering Limited
Address: Severn House
Business Centre, 66 Spring Gardens, Shrewsbury SY1 2TE
Tel: 01743 237765 Fax:
01743 237764 Mobile: 07769 905507
E-mail: enquiries@land-scope.com
Web site: www.land-scope.com
Contact: Martin Berry
Number of teams: 2
Speciality: Land
Surveying, Engineering Surveying, GPS Surveys, Hydrographic Surveying, GIS, Site Surveys and Utility
Surveys.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Somerset
Subscan Technology Ltd
Address: 1st Floor Dairy
House Yard, Cary Road, Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset BA22 7LH
Tel: 01788 550017 Fax:
01788 551218
E-mail: enquiries@subscantech.com
Web site: www.subscantech.com
Contact: Mr John Robinson
Affiliations: TSA
Quality Assurance:
ISO9001:2000
Number of teams: 10
Speciality: Underground
Utility Surveys and Mapping, ground penetrating radar surveys.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Somerset
Infomap
Surveys and Mapping Limited
Address:
Seymours House, Sunnyside Road North, Weston-super-Mare, North Somerset BS23
3PZ
Tel: 01934
644060 Fax: 01934 644060 Mobile: 07808 118412
E-mail:
Richard.Flew@infomapsurveys.co.uk Web site:
www.infomapsurveys.co.uk
Contact:
Richard Flew MRICS M.Inst.C.E.S
Quality
Assurance: ISO 9002
Number
of Teams: 2/3
Speciality:
Topographic
Surveys, Computer Mapping, Coastal/Inland Hydrographic Surveys, Pipeline
As-Built Surveys,
Architectural
Measured Surveys, GPS Surveys, Hydrological Modelling Data Supply,
Underground Pipeline
location,
GIS Data Management, Railway surveys - PTS qualified personnel..
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
South Yorkshire
Integrated Environmental Technology Group Plc
Address: Oxford House, Finningley Estate,
Hayfield Lane, Doncaster, DN9 3GG
Tel: 01302 802000 Fax:
01302 802001
E-mail: lisa.rowlinson@ietg.co.uk
web site: www.ietg.co.uk
Contact: Lisa Rowlinson
Affiliations: TSA, NSA
NSCA
Quality Assurance:
ISO14001, 9002, 9001
Number of teams: 40
Speciality: Boundary
Demarcation, Deformation, Geotechnical, GIS, GPS, Hydrographic, Railway and
Underground Utility.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Staffordshire
Integrated Environmental Technology Group Plc
Address: Hollies House, 250
Walsall Road, Cannock, Staffs
Tel: 01543 577371 Fax:
01543 577513
E-mail: lisa.rowlinson@ietg.co.uk
web site: www.ietg.co.uk
Contact: Lisa Rowlinson
Affiliations: TSA, NSA
NSCA
Quality Assurance:
ISO14001, 9002, 9001
Number of teams: 4
Speciality: Boundary
Demarcation, Deformation, Geotechnical, GIS, GPS, Hydrographic, Railway and
Underground Utility.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Suffolk
Randall Surveys LLP
Address: High Street, Bures,
Suffolk CO8 5HZ
Tel:
01787 227580 Fax: 01787 228329 Mobile: 07766 304552
e-mail:
david.damant@randallsurveys.co.uk Web
site:
www.randallsurveys.co.uk
Contact: David Damant
Affiliations: RICS, TSA
Quality Assurance:
ISO9001:2000
Number of
teams: 12
Services:
Topographic surveys, Measured Building surveys, Hydrographic surveys,
Underground service location surveys
using both electromagnetic and
ground penetrating radar techniques.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Suffolk
Innovatum International Ltd
Address: Units 11/12,
Woodside Business Park, Thetford
Road, Ingham, Bury St Edmunds
IP31 1NR
Tel: +44
(0) 1284 729123 Fax: +44 (0) 1284 729133 Mobile: +44
(0) 7802 892936
E-mail: innovatum@aol.com
Web site: www.innovatum.co.uk
Contact:
Terry Slater
Affiliations:
Society for Underwater Technology
Number
of Team: Varies
Speciality:
Our new SEARCHER tool for detailed magnetic mapping both on land and
underwater will locate ferrous objects of all types, including pipes, cables,
ordnance, wrecks, archaeology etc. Submarine pipeline and all types of submarine
cable location and survey using our ULTRA system on ROVs, vessels and towed
vehicles. Tone generators.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Surrey
Kingsland Surveyors Limited
Address: The Coach House, 24
Bridge Street, Leatherhead Surrey KT22 8BZ
Tel: 01372 362059 Fax:
01372 363059
E-mail: mail@kingslandsurveyors.co.uk
Web site: www.kingslandsurveyors.co.uk
Contact: Geoff King
Affiliations: TSA
Number of teams: 8
Speciality: Land,
Architectural and Utility Surveys, Photogrammetry, Rectified Photography.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Surrey
GEOTEC Surveys Limited
Address: PO Box 99,
Godalming, Surrey GU7 2XT
Tel: 01483 424847 Fax:
01483 424894
E-mail: geotec@geotecsurveys.com
Web site: www.geotecsurveys.com
Contact: Nigel Knowles
Affiliations: Euro GPR
Quality Assurance:
BS/EN/ISO 9002
Number of teams: 10
Speciality: Underground
Mapping, Utility Mapping, Void Detection, Bedrock Profiling, Geophysical
Surveys, UXB Detection, Topographical Surveying.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Surrey
Sitechnics Limited
Address: Technics House,
Merrow Business Centre, Merrow Lane, Guildford GU4 7WA
Tel: 01483 230080 Fax:
01483 230081 Mobile: 07836 517229
E-mail: mail@sitechnics.com
Web site: www.sitechnics.com
Quality Assurance: ISO
9002 accredited
Contact: Graham Mills
Field Teams: 8
Speciality: Topographic, Measured
Building and Volumetric Surveys, Monitoring, GIS, GPS, Boundary Disputes, Site
Engineering, Underground Service Location.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Surrey
Subtechnics Limited
Address: Technics House,
Merrow Business Centre, Merrow Lane, Guildford GU4 7WA
Tel: 01483 230080 Fax:
01483 230081 Mobile: 07836 517229
E-mail:
mail@subtechnics.com
Web site: www.subtechnics.com
Quality Assurance: ISO
9002 accredited
Contact: Graham Mills
Field Teams:
8
Speciality: Detection
of plastic, clay and metallic pipes, cables, buried objects, storage tanks and
voids
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Tyne and Wear
Integrated Environmental
Technology Group Plc (IETG)
Address: 9 Kingsway House,
Kingsway, Team Valley, Gateshead NE11 0HW
Tel: 0191 482 5350 Fax:
0191 482 5360
E-mail: lisa.rowlinson@ietg.co.uk
Web site: www.ietg.co.uk
Contact: Lisa Rowlinson
Affiliations: TSA, NSA,
NCSA
Quality Assurance:
ISO14001, 9002, 9001
Number of teams: 3
Services: We specialise in
boundary, deformation, geotechnical, GIS, GPS, hydrographic, railway and
underground utility surveys.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warwickshire
Midland Survey Limited
Address: Cromwell House,
Westfield Road, Southam, Warwickshire, CV47 0JH
Tel: 01926 810811 Fax:
01926 810812
E-mail -
mail@midlandsurvey.co.uk
Web site: www.midlandsurvey.co.uk
Contact: David Johnson
Quality Assurance: ISO9001
- 2000
Number of teams: 15
Speciality: Topographical
surveys, Building Measurement Surveys, GPS, Underground Utility surveys,
GPR Surveys.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warwickshire
Subscan Technology Ltd
Address: 61 Albert Street,
Rugby CV21 2SN
Tel: 01788 550017 Fax:
01788 551218
E-mail: enquiries@subscantech.com
Web site: www.subscantech.com
Contact: Mr John Robinson
Affiliations: TSA
Quality Assurance:
ISO9001:2000
Number of teams: 10
Speciality: Underground
Utility Surveys and Mapping, ground penetrating radar surveys.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warwickshire
Metrix Surveys
Address: 26 St Wilfreds Cottages,
Ansley Lane, Old Arley, Coventry CV7 8FT
Tel: 01676 541157 Mobile:
07968 185699
E-mail: postbox@metrixsurveys.com
Web site: www.metrixsurveys.com
Contact: Dan Richardson
Number of teams : 2
Speciality: Topographical
surveys, Measured building surveys, Setting out, Inshore hydrographic surveys,
Utility surveys, Net/gross internal area surveys.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
West Midlands
g-map Professional Services
Ltd
Address: c/o Central
Networks, George Rd, Erdington, Birmingham B23 7QJ
Tel: 0121 681 7561 Fax:
0121 681 7566
E-mail: anita.swindley@g-map.com
Web site: www.g-map.com
Contact: Anita Swindley
Quality Assurance:
ISO9001, ISO14001
Number of teams: 10
Speciality: 3D Utility
Mapping, Ground Probing Radar Surveys, Leak Detection, Void Location,
Topographic Surveys, Ground Modelling, Utility Record Collection, CAD Drawing,
Cross Sections.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
West Yorkshire
Integrated Environmental
Technology Group Plc
- Other offices at Doncaster, Cannock and Luton
Address: Cross Green Way,
Leeds LS9 0SE
Tel: 0113 201 9700
Fax: 0113 201 9701
E-mail: lisa.rowlinson@ietg.co.uk
Web site: www.ietg.co.uk
Contact: Lisa Rowlinson
Affiliations: TSA, NCSA NSA
Quality Assurance: ISO 900214001,
ISO9022:1994, ISO9001:2000
Number of teams: 60
Speciality: Boundary,
Deformation, Geotechnical, GIS, GPS, Hydrographic, Railway and Underground
Utility.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
West Yorkshire
Met Surveys Ltd
Address: 291 Leeds Road,
Lofthouse, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF3 3PN
Tel: 01924 822482
Fax: 01924 823343 Mobile: 07885 346381
E-mail: admin@metsurveys.com
Web Site: www.metsurveys.com
Contacts: Christopher
Jones, Neil Harvey
Affiliations: TSA, RICS,
Geological Society
Number of teams: 15
Speciality: Topography,
Measured Building, Geophysical surveys for engineering and environmental
subsurface investigation, Service tracing, Precision and monitoring, 3D
visualisation, Tree surveys.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Worcestershire
Stratascan Limited
Address: Vineyard House,
Upper Hook Road, Upton Upon Severn, Worcester WR8 0SA
Contact: Peter Barker C.Eng.
MICE, MIWEM, MIFA
Tel: 01684 592266 Fax:
01684 594142
E-mail: PPB@Stratascan.co.uk
Web site: www.Stratascan.co.uk
Type of Business: Limited
Company
Quality Assurance: IFA
Registered Organisation
Speciality: Geophysical
Surveying for Archaeology and Engineering, Under Ground Utility, Mapping
Number of teams: Two
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Worcestershire
Laser Surveys Limited
Address: Brockamin House,
Leigh, Worcester WR6 5JU
Tel: 01886 833173 Fax:
01886 833485
E-mail: worcester@lasersurveys.com
Web site: www.lasersurveys.com
Contact: Mark Walker
Affiliations: TSA
National Sewerage Association
Speciality: Topography,
Measured Building Surveys, Underground Services Surveys, CCTV Drainage Surveys,
GPS, Hydrographic and Monitoring Surveys
Number of teams: 18.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Worcestershire
Total Surveys Limited
Address: Westall Centre,
Holberrow Green, Redditch, Worcestershire B96 6JY
Tel: 01386 793764 Fax:
01386 793765
E-mail:
mail@totalsurveys.co.uk Web site:
www.totalsurveys.co.uk
Contact: Mr Stephen P
McBennett, MInstCES, TechRICS
Affiliations: TSA, EA
Approved Surveyors (incl. GPS work)
and CES and RICS memberships (as
above)
Number of teams: 7
Speciality: GPS Surveys,
Topographic Surveys (using fully robotic direct reflex (DR) instruments),
Measured Building Surveys (including detailed drawings of historic buildings), Hydrographic and Flood Defence Surveys (Environment Agency Approved Surveyors
with staff specifically approved and authorised to carry out GPS work for the
EA), Setting out, Control Surveys, Pipeline Surveys, Monitoring work, Supply of
data in 2D or 3D in a variety of software formats, with files tailored to
clients' specific requirements.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________